Koppelman Family Tree

 

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Johann Henrich Koppelmann (b. May 4, 1775, Badbergen; d. June 29,

1817, of consumption) m. Helena Margaretha Detmerr December 14, 1804,

Badbergen (b. February 16, 1774, Badbergen; d. January 28, 1841, Groenloh,

Hannover) He was the son of Johann Gerhard and Catharina Koppelmann. Birth

records from the Lutheran parish of St. Georg, Badbergen, Germany, confirm that

Johann Henrich and Helena Koppelmann had a son:

 

1. Johann Hermann Koppelmann (b. December 29, 1811; chr. January 2,

1812, Badbergen; d. February 25, 1877, Baltimore Co., MD [1]): m.

Anna Katherina Messmann (b. 15 Aug 1803, Osnabruck, Kingdom of Hannover,

Germany; d. June 19, 1884, Baltimore Co., MD[2]):

 

Johann Hermann Koppelmann must have emigrated between the birth of his eldest son in 1835 and that of his younger son in 1840. A Johann H. Koppelmann boarded the brig Burgermeister Smidt at Bremen, and sailed to Baltimore, Maryland, arriving on May 26, 1834. A Johann Hermann Koppelmann applied for naturalization in 1838, in Baltimore County, Maryland, using the Anglicized name John Herman Koppelman. The 1840 federal census found a family headed by John H. Coppleman living in the city of BaltimoreÕs 6th Ward, but as there was at least one other Koppelman, J. Harman Koppelman, in the city, we cannot be sure which one is listed in the census. An 1848 map of Baltimore locates the 6th Ward east of Jones Falls, north of Fayette Street. John H. Coppleman listed himself as a U.S. citizen.

 

Land records show that John H. Koppelman and a partner named John H. Jeungman bought 24 and a half acres of land from William L. Bowley near BowleyÕs Lane in 1840. In 1849, Koppelman bought out JeungmanÕs share for $200. Intriguingly, J. Harman Koppelman, who may have been a tavern-keeper, bought a parcel from Bowley of almost the same size and sharing a boundary with our ancestorÕs land, only a month before. This coincidence suggests that the two were relations. After J. Harman Koppelman died suddenly in 1846, John A. Nortrup, bought the land at auction for $1,400.

 

In 1850, the federal census lists John H. Koppelman, his wife Catharina, two sons, John George and John Henry, and a possible relation, Mary Bocklage, farming on this land in the Gardenville area between Belair Road and the Philadelphia Road. According to a story passed down to Charlotte Koppelman Betz, who related it in a Jerusalem Lutheran Church anniversary pamphlet, the family lived in a log house, which stood on the land until it was removed to make way for a development called Garden Villa about 1950.

 

In 1860, the Koppelman farm was worth $3,000, and they employed a 14-year-old hired hand named John Herbert. 1850 neighbors included Charles Myers, John Northrupp, the Sieferts, Valentine Lutz, Peter Quick, and Jane Hickman. 1860 neighbors included John Siple (sic), Joseph Hofsteder, John Nortrup, Peter Murray, and August Copenhaver. In 1870, John Henry was farming, with his father, land worth $4,700, while John George and his wife Elizabeth formed a separate household nearby along with his wifeÕs mother, Elizabeth Kamp.

 

In 1880, the two brothers were still farming next to each other. According to the census, John HenryÕs large household included a 23-yr-old servant named Mary Weber (possibly a relation of his wifeÕs), three young male boarders who listed their occupations as farm hand, and his mother, Anna—but not his father. Neither was Johann living with his son John George.

 

Conflcting evidence has made it difficult to be sure about the date of Johann Hermann KoppelmannÕs death. His gravestone in Baltimore Cemetery gives 1887 as his year of death. The Jerusalem Lutheran Church funeral register lists his death date as February 25, 1876, at the age of 65. His will, proved in March 1877, refers to him as deceased, which supports a death date of 1877. Moreover, his obituary, printed in the Baltimore Sun on February 28, 1877, seems to provide conclusive evidence that he died on Feburary 25, 1877 at the age of 65. This is supported by a more extensive obituary printed in the Maryland Journal on March 3, 1877. Why is the gravestone incorrect? How did this error come about?

 

Charlotte Koppelman Betz wrote in 1961 that when the farms were sold and the family cemetery was exhumed and the remains moved in 1920, Òit was found that my great- grandfather, who was killed in the ÔNo [sic] Nothing Days,Õ had been shot with a nail which had lodged in his skull. He was killed by a bystander on election day.Ó Goucher College historian Jean Baker, who published a study of the Know Nothings in Maryland, says that the Know Nothings ceased their violent attacks on immigrants by the time of the Civil War, so that it is unlikely Know Nothing gangs were responsible. Since the counties did not begin keeping death records until the 1890s, and the family buried him in the home cemetery, it is unlikely that this story will be ever be confirmed or refuted.

 

The continuity of some names of neighbors suggests that the Koppelmans farmed the same pieces of land, on what eventually became known as Franklin Avenue (now Frankford Avenue), in Raspeburg/Gardenville, continuously from 1840 until John HenryÕs widow and John Harman Gerhardt Koppelman sold this land in 1920. John Harman bought a larger piece of land several miles farther east, in Rosedale, where he continued farming with several of his sons. His aunt, John HenryÕs widow, went to live with her daughtersÕ families—first the Lutzes, then the Gleitsmans.

 

Johann Hermann Koppelmann made his will in 1870, then added two codicils: the first in June 1871, before he and his wife traveled back to Germany for a visit, and the second dated January 8, 1877 (they returned safely from Bremen on August 19, 1871, on the North German Lloyd steamship Berlin).14 He left all income from his 60 acres of land to his wife Anna for the remainder of her lifetime, as well as all the buildings and personal property on the land. From this, we can infer that as Johann and Anna grew older, the sons rented the land from their parents. After her death, he directed that John George receive 39 acres, consisting of a tract called Little Job and another purchased from neighbor John Thomas Mumma. In the first codicil, he directed that John George also receive his carriage, and the last yearÕs income from the land to pay for the construction of a new house. His son John Henry was to receive 31 acres, consisting of a farm called Grindon (named after the original 3,500 acre tract laid out in the county in 1735), and another called GayÕs Enlargement or GayÕs Favor. In the first codicil, he directed that John Henry was to receive all the contents of Johann and AnnaÕs house.

 

He also made bequests to his and AnnaÕs godchildren: to John Harman Koppelman, John GeorgeÕs oldest son, he left $100 and Òbedstead and bedding being 2 Feather Beds and four Pillows.Ó To John HenryÕs eldest son, he left $100; to John HenryÕs eldest daughter Catherine, called Kate, he left Òmy remaining bed and bedding.Ó

 

Johann and Anna Koppelmann were originally buried in a family cemetery on the first farm he bought, Grindon. In his last codicil, Johann directed that the quarter-acre cemetery should Òremain as a Grave yard forever and ever and if the place is ever sold the Grave yard is to be reserved for the Koppelman Family for ever and ever and is never to be sold.Ó When the family land was sold in 1920, however, all his heirs agreed to legally transfer the family cemetery property to John Henry KoppelmanÕs widow, Anna Catherine Weber Koppelman; the graves were disinterred and moved: Johann Hermann, his wife, their son John Henry and other of John HenryÕs family membersÕ remains were moved to Baltimore Cemetery; John George and his family were moved to Parkwood Cemetery in Parkville, MD.

 

Anna Catharine Messmann and Johann Hermann KoppelmannÕs children were John George Gerhardt Koppelman and John Henry Koppelman:

 

a. John George Gerhardt Koppelman (26 Jan 1835, Kingdom of Hannover, Germany; d. July 21, 1891, Baltimore Co., MD ) m. Anna Elizabeth Kemp (b. May 3, 1843, Prussia, Germany; d. March 1, 1895, Baltimore Co., MD ). Their descendants moved their remains from the family cemetery to Parkwood Cemetery in 1920, along with those of ElizabethÕs parents, Anna E. Kemp (1812-1872) and John Kemp (1820-1858). John GeorgeÕs and Elizabeth had five children, John Harman Gerhardt, Henry Louis, John George Ludwig, Emma, and Wilhelmine (Minnie):

 

1. John Harman Gerhardt Koppelman (b. July 18, 1862,

Baltimore Co., MD; d. March 31, 1929, Baltimore, MD) m.

Anna Wilhelmine Schaub December 25, 1884, at Jerusalem

Evangelical Lutheran Church (b. July 15, 1868, Baltimore, MD; d.

August 26, 1938, Baltimore, MD). They are buried in Parkwood

Cemetery.

 

2. Henry Louis Koppelman (b. June 22, 1864, Baltimore Co.,

Maryland; d. February 27, 1934, Baltimore, MD10) m. on 1 Jan 1889 at

Jerusalem Ev. Luth. Church, Caroline Charlotte Walker (b. July

1867, Baltimore, MD; d. January 10, 1920, Baltimore, MD) Died of a

heart attack at the home of his daughter,

Mamie Koppelman Reineke. They are buried in Baltimore

Cemetery.

 

3. John George Ludwig Koppelman (b. March 23, 1867,

Baltimore Co.,4 MD, d. June 3, 1941, Baltimore Co., Maryland5) He is

buried in Parkwood Cemetery, Parkville, MD.

 

The 1900 Federal Census lists John G. L. Koppelman as a farm laborer working on the truck farm of his brother-in-law, Louis Schaub (husband of JohnÕs sister Minnie Koppelman), hard by John Harman KoppelmanÕs farm. In 1920, these roles are reversed, with John G. Koppelman listed as the head of household, and Louis Schaub as his brother-in-law, with LouisÕ wife Minnie, and their two daughters, Lydia and Ethel. Perhaps John G. L. Koppelman bought out Louis Schaub and became owner of the land? There is to date no evidence than John G. L. Koppelman ever married.

 

4. Emma Katherina Elizabeth Koppelman (b. July 2, 18709;

d. 1870, Baltimore Co., MD) She is buried in Parkwood Cemetery.

 

5. Wilhelmine (Minnie) Koppelman (b. September 1, 1872,

Baltimore Co., Maryland; d. September 9, 1940, Baltimore Co., MD) m.

Ludwig (Louis) Ernst Schaub (b. August 1866, Baltimore Co., MD;

d. June 13, 1961) on December 28, 1896, in Jerusalem Lutheran

Church. They are buried in the Koppelman plot in Parkwood Cemetery,

along with daughters Annie B. and Emma.

 

a. Annie B. (Bertha?) Schaub (b. December 2, 1897, Baltimore

Co., MD; d. 1898, Baltimore Co., MD)

 

b. Emma Elizabeth Schaub (b. October 31, 1900, Baltimore, MD;

d. 1904, Baltimore, MD)

 

c. Lydia Minnie Schaub (b. May 10, 1907, Baltimore Co.; d.

February 1, 1989, Baltimore, MD) m. George Roemer, a local

farmer (b. April 29, 1901, Baltimore, MD; d. September 1963,

Baltimore, MD)

 

d. Annie Ethel Schaub (b. December 2, 1909; d. July 1987,

Baltimore, MD) m. Albert C. Greif in 1928 (b. November 22,

1907, Baltimore, MD; d. November 28, 1994, Baltimore, MD)

 

b. John Henry Koppelman (b. April 26, 1840, Baltimore Co., MD; d. July

20, 1902, Baltimore Co., MD6,9 of heart disease) m. Anna Catharina Weber

March 9, 1866 at Jerusalem Evangelical Lutheran Church (b. September 1844,

Baden, Germany; d. January 9, 1931, Baltimore, MD, of cerebral hemorrage).

The 1900 census indicates that Anna Weber immigrated to the U.S. in 1852, but

according to the 1910 census, Anna immigrated to Maryland in 1856, and her

death certificate records 1854.

 

John Henry farmed with his father in Gardenville.6 He was drafted into the Union

Army in a lottery that took place on October 15, 1862, in the Towson courthouse,

and served from September 1863 to 1865, in the Gov. Construction Train

Engineer Corps, along with neighbors John H. Raspe and Joseph Kahler (1890

Special Veterans Census, Baltimore City and County, NARA M123 Roll #8, ).

Other neighbors drafted that day included M. Biddison, Adam G. Erdman,

John Schone, Gottlieb Erdman Jr., George Erdman, Charles C. Franklin,

Harmon Northrup, and Frank Hofstetter (Baltimore County Advocate,

Towson Town, October 18, 1862).

 

In his 1898 will, John Henry Koppelman left all his property and money to his

Òbeloved wife,Ó except for several bequests to his children: $500 to his youngest

son William; $500 to his daughter Anna Elizabeth, as well as $50 per year Òas long

as she remains with her mother.Ó To his daughter Macy, he left $500 to be paid

Òat the time she gets married.Ó He directed that after her death, all his property

should be sold, and the proceeds divided among his children or their heirs, with

the stipulation that money he had loaned to his other children be deducted from

their shares—thus turning these loans into advances on their inheritances

(Baltimore County Register of Wills, Liber HR, No. 12, Folios 367-368).

 

After John Henry died, his widow went to live first with her daughter KateÕs

family on LutzÕs Hill, then with her daughter MargaretÕs family, first on E.

Baltimore St. in the city, then on Echodale Avenue.8 We believe their Frankford

Avenue farm was sold at that time, around 1920, but have not yet found a record

of the sale. John HenryÕs remains were moved from the family cemetery on

Franklin Avenue (later renamed Frankford Avenue) to Baltimore Cemetery in

1920; his wife is also buried there. John Henry and AnnaÕs children were:

 

1. John Herman Koppelman (b. December 24, 1866, Baltimore

Co., Maryland[3]; d.4 July 1905, Dawson City, Yukon Territories, Canada ) Named for his grandfather. Thanks to a lead provided by Janet Canapp, we now know that John Herman joined an expedition to the Klondike in the 1898, Gold Rush. Dawson was his base and he filed claims for several placer mining sites. Prior to this adventure, he had been in the grocery business with his brother, George C. Koppelman. John Herman, according to his obituary, was a member of the Garden Lodge of Odd Fellows in Gardenville, but had applied to become a member of the Dawson lodge. The lodge took care of his burial in an as-yet-undiscovered Dawson City cemetery.

 

2. Anna Katherina Maria (Kate) Koppelman (b. September 11,

1868, Baltimore Co., MD[4]; d. 20 July 1946, Baltimore, MD[5]) m. Wilhelm Heinrich (William Henry)

Lutz (b. 26 or 27 May 1866, Baltimore Co., MD ; d. 11 Feb 1917, Baltimore Co., MD ) on 23 Jan 1890, at Jerusalem Ev. Luth. Church . They are buried in Baltimore Cemetery. Their children were Margaret, George William, and Catharine:

 

a. Margaretha Anna Lutz (b. March 28, 1891, Baltimore Co., MD;

d. 28 March 1967, Glen Burnie, Anne Arundel Co., MD) m.

George M. Greensfelder (b. 4 Dec 1895, Baltimore, MD), son

of baker John Greensfelder (b. Sept 1859, MD ).

In 1920, the Greensfelders lived and farmed with MargaretÕs

widowed mother. At that time, they had two sons, George and

Herman:

 

1. George C. Greensfelder (b. 5 Dec 1917, Baltimore Co., MD;

d. 10 January 1963, Alameda Co., CA)

 

2. Herman William Greensfelder (b. 15 July 1918, Baltimore

Co., MD; d. 17 August 1998, Baltimore, MD) He enlisted in

the U.S. Army Air Corps in 1941. His enlistment record lists his

occupation as Ògas and oil man,Ó that he had had two years of

high school, and that he was married.

 

b. George William Lutz ( b. May 7, 1893, Baltimore Co., MD9; d. ?)

March 1917 by Rev. Paul C. Burgdorf, at Jerusalem Ev. Luth. Church, m.

Florence A. Hardesty (b. 1889) . The 1930 census lists his mother,

Catherine Lutz, living with them on a truck farm on LutzÕs Hill, the

top of Hamilton Avenue above Belair Road, in District 14. They donÕt

appear to have had any children.

 

c. Katherina Elizabeth Lutz (b. December 10, 1898, Baltimore Co.,

MD9; d.?) m. Charles William Christ (b. 2 August 1896, MD; d.

April 1982, Perry Hall, Baltimore Co., MD), son of Radecke

Avenue truck farmers Charles Albert Christ (b. July 1865, MD)

and Mary Nortrup Christ (b. February 1867, MD).

 

Kate Lutz and Charles W. Christ were distantly related. Kate Lutz was the

granddaughter of Johann Hermann Koppelmann. Charles W. Christ's aunt,

Jeanetta Schaub Nortrup, had a niece, Anna Wilhelmine Schaub, who married

John Harman Koppelman. John Harman Koppelman was another of Johann

Hermann Koppelmann's grandchildren.

 

Charles W. Christ was drafted into the army in 1917, was promoted to corporal

and honorably discharged in 1918, but seems not to have served

overseas. He farmed with his parents. In 1930, Charles and Kate

had one son, William:

 

1. William A. Christ (b. 13 February 1920, Baltimore, MD; d. 20

April 2006, Shrewsbury, York Co., PA) m. Madeleine Mary Krauer.

According to his 1944 U.S. Army enlistment record, he was employed as

some sort of mechanic. He is buried in the cemetery of St. John

the Baptist Roman Catholic Church, New Freedom, PA. William and

Madeline had four children, William, John, Raymond, and Mary:

 

a. William Charles Christ

 

b. John Joseph Christ

 

c. Raymond Francis Christ

 

d. Mary Kathryne Christ m. Henneman

 

3. Anna Elizabeth Koppelman (b. December 17, 1870, Baltimore

Co., MD9[6]; d. 4 Feb 1964, Baltimore, Maryland[7]) Elizabeth Koppelman

graduated in May 1911 from the Hebrew Hospital of Baltimore's Training School

for Nurses, one of six young women who graduated that year.[8] They were the

school's third graduating class. Hebrew Hospital and Asylum (later Sinai Hospital),

was founded in 1868 on E. Monument at Ann St. in East BaltimoreÕs 7th Ward.[9] The

1910 census lists Elizabeth A. Koppelman as a resident nurse there. Later she

worked as a private nurse and boarded with her sister Margaret Koppelman

GleitsmanÕs family in their home on E. Baltimore Street near Patterson Park and

later on Echodale Avenue. Elizabeth remained single. She is buried in the Koppelman

plot at Baltimore Cemetery.

 

4. Anna Margaretha (Maggie) Koppelman (b. May 24, 1873; christened 6 July 1873 JELC, Baltimore

Co., MD; d. 1961, Baltimore Co., Maryland) m. Hermann H.

Gleitsmann (b. October 1867, MD; d. November 19, 1926, Baltimore, MD)

December 12, 18927 at the United Evangelical Church of Baltimore. Notes

among Ruth HedemanÕs papers indicate that HermanÕs father, Wilhelm

Gleitsmann, was from Oldenburg, Saxony (b. September 6, 1829; d. August

26, 1909), and his mother, Elizabeth Tiefel Gleitsmann (b. April 14, 1829;

d. April 13, 1899), was from Bavaria.

 

Wilhelm Gleitsmann emigrated from Germany in 1867. In Baltimore, he set

up a second-hand furniture business, eventually building a prosperous retail

furniture concern. Hermann Gleitsmann began as an upholsterer, then took

over the family business. At least until 1920, Herman and Margaret lived at

2306 E. Baltimore Street in Baltimore, then later on Echodale Avenue. They

were members of Christ Lutheran Church. Margaret and Herman

Gleitsmann are buried in the Koppelman plot at Baltimore Cemetery. Maggie

and Herman's children were Elsie and Gladys:

 

a. Anna Elizabeth (Elsie) Gleitsmann (b. 16 Dec 1893, Baltimore, MD; d. Dec 1966, Baltimore, MD)

m. George Hulbert Sack (b. December 24, 1908, Baltimore, MD; d. May 3, 1998, Baltimore, MD).

Hulbert belonged to the family of Sacks who owned a successful lumberyard in the area. They had three daughters:

 

1.  Margaret Sack m. Nick Gordon

 

2. Anne Sack

 

3. Ellen Lee Sack m. 1) John Louis Hedeman; 2)

Orville Rollins. With John L. Hedeman:

 

a. Leslie E. Hedeman

 

b. Cara Lee Hedeman

 

b. Gladys M. Gleitsmann (b. 3 Nov 1901, Baltimore, MD; d. 15 Apr 1975, Baltimore, MD[6]) We know

nothing about Gladys except that she traveled to Europe several times.

 

5. George Christian Koppelman (b. August 21, 1875, Baltimore Co.,

MD; d. September 18, 1952) m. Margaret A. Buchwald (b. March 24,

1884, Baltimore Co., MD; d. January 20, 1952, Baltimore Co., MD) They are

buried in Baltimore Cemetery.

 

6. Henry Albert Koppelman (b. October 10, 1877, Baltimore Co.,

MD; d. November 19, 1898, Philadelphia, PA). Henry A. Koppelman died of

typhoid fever contracted in camp while serving as a corporal in Company M

of the 1st Maryland Volunteer Infantry, probably without having seen action

in the Spanish-American War. A good friend of Walter R. Hedeman, who

noted HenryÕs death in his diary of army life, Henry was just 21 years old.6,9

He is buried in Baltimore Cemetery.

 

7. Maizie (Macy) Margaret Koppelman (b. February 12, 1880, Baltimore

Co., MD; d. 1958, Baltimore, MD) She is buried in Baltimore Cemetery.

Macy Koppelman became a stenographer and worked for a fire insurance

company in Baltimore. She boarded with her sister MargaretÕs family on E.

Baltimore Street in Baltimore for many years; at some point after 1920, she

moved to Echodale Avenue. We know from a newspaper item in the Baltimore

AMERICAN that she visited the World's Fair in St. Louis in 1904. She and

sister Elizabeth traveled to Europe in 1928[7]. Photos from the 1930s indicate that

she was friendly with Emma and Walter Hedeman. Ruth Hedeman remembers

with admiration MacyÕs dedication to her career.

 

8. Frederick Koppelman (b. January 6, 1882, Baltimore Co., MD9; d.

21 Jan 1882, Baltimore Co., MD, of bronchial pneumonia) He is buried in Baltimore

Cemetery.

 

9. Charles Koppelman (b. January 6, 1883, Baltimore Co., MD; d.

January 16, 1883 9 of complications from premature birth) He is buried in

Baltimore Cemetery.

 

10. William Ludwig Koppelman (b. May 9, 1884, Baltimore Co.,

Maryland9; d. July 18, 189913) William L. Koppelman died at the age of 16,

of tetanus, contracted from an leg accidental wound. He is buried in

Baltimore Cemetery.

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

 

3

4 Source: 1900 Federal Census, Baltimore Co., District 14.

5 Source: Maryland Dept. of Health Death Index, Maryland State Archives

6 Source: 1904 application by Anna C. Koppelman to receive her son Henry A. KoppelmanÕs Spanish-American War pension, NARA.

7 Source: Maryland State Archives, MSSC 2887, Film #MIS 50-5, p. 96.

8 Source: 1910 and 1920 Federal Census, Baltimore City, 6th Ward.

10 Source: Obituary, The Baltimore Evening Sun, Thursday, March 1, 1934. Thanks to Janet Dawson Canapp for tracking this down at the Pratt Library.

11 Source: Death Certificate #F98837, City of Baltimore Health Department, Maryland State Archives MSA SC 5458-65-2885.

13Source: Baltimore County Board of Health Death Certificate, Maryland State Archives MSA SC 5458-65-3062.

14Source: Baltimore Co. Register of Wills, Liber JBM No. 5 Folio 304 or 203, February 10, 1870.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 



[1] Records of Jerusalem Lutheran Church, Gardenville, MD

[2] Records of Jerusalem Lutheran Church, Gardenville, MD

[3] Obituary, Baltimore SUN, 21 July 1946 (courtesy of Janet Canapp)

[4] Records of Jerusalem Lutheran Church, Gardenville, MD.

[5] Social Security Death Index

[6] Social Security Death Index

[7] Passenger List, 28 Sept 1928, S. S. Olympic, from Cherbourg, France to New York


 

 



[1] Records of Jerusalem Ev. Luth. Church; Obituary, Maryland JOURNAL, 3 Feb 1877

[2] Records of Jerusalem Ev. Luth. Church; Obituaries, Maryland JOURNAL, 28 June 1884, Baltimore SUN, 21 June 1884.

[3] Records of Jerusalem Ev. Luth. Church

[4] Records of Jerusalem Ev. Luth. Church

[5] Obituary, Baltimore SUN, 21 July 1946 (courtesy of Janet Canapp)

[6] Records of Jerusalem Ev. Luth. Church

[7] Social Security Death Index; Obituary, Baltimore SUN, 5 Feb 1964, pg. 28

[8] Baltimore AMERICAN, 19 May 1911; The five other graduates were Louise McClure Crothaus, Jeannette Morris, Mathilda M. Blumenthal, Lulu G. Khulemann, and Anna Cohen.

[9] "Medicine in Maryland, 1752-1920" http://mdhistoryonline.net/mdmedicine/cfm/dsp_hospitalinfo.cfm?id=23